Recent Advances in Pollen Viability Research: Implications for Plant Breeding, Crop Improvement, and Germplasm Conservation (Review Article)

Author(s): Usha Rani K*

Abstract: Pollen viability is a critical determinant of successful plant reproduction, seed set, and genetic improvement in crop species. The ability of pollen grains to remain functional and capable of fertilisation directly influences plant breeding efficiency, hybrid seed production, and germplasm conservation programs. Recent advances in pollen biology have significantly improved our understanding of the physiological, biochemical, molecular, and environmental factors regulating pollen viability. Modern techniques such as fluorescence staining, flow cytometry, metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and artificial intelligence-assisted image analysis have enabled rapid and accurate assessment of pollen quality. Furthermore, developments in cryopreservation and controlled-environment storage technologies have enhanced long-term pollen conservation, facilitated the preservation of valuable genetic resources and supported breeding programs across geographical regions and seasons. Research has also revealed the roles of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant systems, heat shock proteins, and gene regulatory networks in maintaining pollen viability under abiotic stresses such as heat, drought, and salinity. These findings have important implications for developing climate-resilient crop varieties and ensuring food security under changing environmental conditions. This review highlights recent advances in pollen viability research and discusses their applications in plant breeding, crop improvement, hybrid seed production, and germplasm conservation. Understanding and exploiting pollen viability mechanisms will continue to play a pivotal role in modern agriculture and sustainable crop production.

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