Periodontal Disease: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Biomarkers, Systemic Associations, and Emerging Adjunctive Therapies (Review Article)

Author(s): Shivyanshi Saxena, Mehak Gupta and Nayyar Parvez

Abstract: This review comprehensively discusses the etiopathogenesis, classification, diagnostic criteria, and global burden of periodontal disease, with special emphasis on inflammatory pathways, biomarkers of tissue destruction and bone remodeling, and emerging diagnostic strategies. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis is conducted of the reciprocal association between periodontal conditions and systemic problems such rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, respiratory illnesses, unsuccessful pregnancies, and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, emerging adjunctive therapeutic approaches, particularly phytotherapeutic agents like curcumin, are reviewed for their potential role in host modulation and inflammation control. By integrating evidence from clinical, epidemiological, and mechanistic studies, this review highlights current limitations, research gaps, and future directions aimed at personalized and multidisciplinary periodontal care.

PAGES: 42-55  |  59 VIEWS  23 DOWNLOADS