Biomarkers and Experimental Models of Hyperthyroidism (Review Article)

Author(s): Kashaf M Shaikh* and Shivalinge Gowda KP

Abstract: Hyperthyroidism is excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland, characterized by increased basal metabolism and disturbances in the autonomic nervous system because of excess thyroid hormone production. The incidence is higher in women (2%) than in men (0.02%). Several conditions can lead to hyperthyroidism: diffuse toxic goiter or Grave’s disease, toxic nodular goiter, toxic adenoma, therapy-induced hyperthyroidism (eg, excess T 4 or T 3 substitution), excess iodine intake, thyroiditis, follicular carcinoma, and TSH-producing tumor of the pituitary. Biomarker, or biological marker is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated to examine normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. Various biomarkers of hyperthyroidism are; T3, T4, TSH, Tg, Anti-Tg, TPO, Anti-TPO, Synapsin 1 and Transthyretin. Experimental models are essential to evolving the complexity and pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease and in the design of specific and effective treatments. Various models have been developed for the design of experimental models of Hyperthyroidism.

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